Lactic acid bacteria in finfish - An update
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https://hdl.handle.net/10037/14895Dato
2018-08-10Type
Journal articleTidsskriftartikkel
Peer reviewed
Forfatter
Ringø, Einar; Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein; Ghosh, Koushik; Doan, Hien Van; Beck, Bo Ram; Song, Seong KyuSammendrag
A complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, play important roles within the
fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Of the bacteria colonizing the GI tract, are lactic acid
bacteria (LAB) generally considered as favorable microorganism due to their abilities
to stimulating host GI development, digestive function, mucosal tolerance, stimulating
immune response, and improved disease resistance. In early finfish studies, were
culture-dependent methods used to enumerate bacterial population levels within the
GI tract. However, due to limitations by using culture methods, culture-independent
techniques have been used during the last decade. These investigations have
revealed the presence of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus,
Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, Weissella, and Pediococcus as indigenous species.
Numerous strains of LAB isolated from finfish are able to produce antibacterial
substances toward different potential fish pathogenic bacteria as well as human
pathogens. LAB are revealed be the most promising bacterial genera as probiotic in
aquaculture. During the decade numerous investigations are performed on evaluation of
probiotic properties of different genus and species of LAB. Except limited contradictory
reports, most of administered strains displayed beneficial effects on both, growth—and
reproductive performance, immune responses and disease resistance of finfish. This
eventually led to industrial scale up and introduction LAB-based commercial probiotics.
Pathogenic LAB belonging to the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus,
Carnobacterium, and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart,
and spleen of several finfish species. These pathogenic bacteria will be addressed in
present review which includes their impacts on finfish aquaculture, possible routes for
treatment. Finfish share many common structures and functions of the immune system
with warm-blooded animals, although apparent differences exist. This similarity in the
immune system may result in many shared LAB effects between finfish and land animals.
LAB-fed fish show an increase in innate immune activities leading to disease resistances:
neutrophil activity, lysozyme secretion, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). However, some LAB strains preferentially
induces IL-10 instead, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results indicate that
LAB may vary in their immunological effects depending on the species and hosts. So far, the immunological studies using LAB have been focused on their effects on innate
immunity. However, these studies need to be further extended by investigating their
involvement in the modulation of adaptive immunity. The present review paper focuses
on recent findings in the field of isolation and detection of LAB, their administration as
probiotic in aquaculture and their interaction with fish immune responses. Furthermore,
the mode of action of probiotics on finfish are discussed.