Computational and experimental insights into asymmetric Rh‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation with CO2

Abstract

The asymmetric Rh‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds was originally developed by Mikami and co‐workers but gives only moderate enantiomeric excesses. In order to understand the factors controlling the enantioselectivity and to propose novel ligands for this reaction, we have used computational and experimental methods to study the Rh‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation with different bidentate ligands. The analysis of the C−CO₂ bond formation transition states with DFT methods shows a preference for outer‐sphere CO₂ insertion, where CO₂ can undergo a backside or frontside reaction with the nucleophile. The two ligands that prefer a frontside reaction, StackPhos and ^tBu‐BOX, display an intriguing stacking interaction between CO₂ and an N‐heterocyclic ring of the ligand (imidazole or oxazoline). Our experimental results support the computationally predicted low enantiomeric excesses and highlight the difficulty in developing a highly selective version of this reaction.