Investigation of tetrasubstituted heterocycles reveals hydantoins as a promising scaffold for development of novel antimicrobials with membranolytic properties

Abstract

Mimics of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as a promising class of antimicrobial agents. We report the analysis of five tetrasubstituted, cationic, amphipathic heterocycles as potential AMP mimics. The analysis showed that the heterocyclic scaffold had a strong influence on the haemolytic activity of the compounds, and the hydantoin scaffold was identified as a promising template for drug lead development. Subsequently, a total of 20 hydantoin derivatives were studied for their antimicrobial potency and haemolytic activity. We found 19 of these derivatives to have very low haemolytic toxicity and identified three lead structures, <b>2dA</b>, <b>6cG</b>, and <b>6dG</b> with very promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Lead structure <b>6dG</b> displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 1 μg/mL against Gram-positive bacteria and 4–16 μg/mL against Gram-negative bacteria. Initial mode of action (MoA) studies performed on the amine derivative <b>6cG</b>, utilizing a luciferase-based biosensor assay, suggested a strong membrane disrupting effect on the outer and inner membrane of Escherichia coli. Our findings show that the physical properties and structural arrangement induced by the heterocyclic scaffolds are important factors in the design of AMP mimics.