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dc.contributor.authorWang, Xinhui
dc.contributor.authorFon, Mathias
dc.contributor.authorAndersen, Aaron John Christian
dc.contributor.authorSolhaug, Anita
dc.contributor.authorIngebrigtsen, Richard Andre
dc.contributor.authorSamdal, Ingunn Anita
dc.contributor.authorUhlig, Silvio
dc.contributor.authorMiles, Christopher Owen
dc.contributor.authorEdvardsen, Bente
dc.contributor.authorLarsen, Thomas Ostenfeldt
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-03T11:02:58Z
dc.date.available2024-10-03T11:02:58Z
dc.date.issued2024-06-20
dc.description.abstractIn May–June 2019, the microalga Chrysochromulina leadbeateri caused a massive fish-killing event in several fjords in Northern Norway, resulting in the largest direct impact ever on aquaculture in northern Europe due to toxic algae. Motivated by the fact that no algal toxins have previously been described from C. leadbeateri, we set out to investigate the chemical nature and toxicity of secondary metabolites in extracts of two strains (UIO 393, UIO 394) isolated from the 2019 bloom, as well as one older strain (UIO 035) isolated during a bloom in Northern Norway in 1991. Initial LC–DAD–MS/MS-based molecular networking analysis of the crude MeOH extracts of the cultivated strains showed that their profiles of small organic molecules, including a large number of known lipids, were very similar, suggesting that the same class of toxin(s) were likely the causative agents of the two harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Next, bioassay-guided fractionation using the RTgill-W1 cell line and metabolomics analysis pointed to a major compound affording [M + H]+ ions at m/z 1399.8333 as a possible toxin, corresponding to a compound with the formula C67H127ClO27. Moreover, our study unveiled a series of minor analogues exhibiting distinct patterns of chlorination and sulfation, together defining a new family of compounds, which we propose to name leadbeaterins. Remarkably, these suspected toxins were detected in situ in samples collected during the 2019 bloom close to Tromsø, thereby consistent with a role in fish kills. The elemental compositions of the putative C. leadbeateri ichthyotoxins strongly indicate them to be long linear polyhydroxylated polyketides, structurally similar to sterolysins reported from a number of dinoflagellates.en_US
dc.identifier.citationWang X, Fon M, Andersen AJC, Solhaug A, Ingebrigtsen RA, Samdal IA, Uhlig S, Miles C. O., Edvardsen B, Larsen TO. Insights into the nature of ichthyotoxins from the Chrysochromulina leadbeateri blooms in Northern Norwegian fjords . Harmful Algae. 2024;137en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2280685
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.hal.2024.102681
dc.identifier.issn1568-9883
dc.identifier.issn1878-1470
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/35022
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.journalHarmful Algae
dc.relation.projectIDNorges forskningsråd: 314861en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.titleInsights into the nature of ichthyotoxins from the Chrysochromulina leadbeateri blooms in Northern Norwegian fjordsen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Med mindre det står noe annet, er denne innførselens lisens beskrevet som Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)