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dc.contributor.advisorAlsos, Inger Greve
dc.contributor.authorZetter, Scarlett
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-25T08:08:53Z
dc.date.available2025-08-25T08:08:53Z
dc.date.issued2025-09-19
dc.description.abstractUsing sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) we can reconstruct past ecosystems and investigate biotic and abiotic drivers of ecosystem change. Mammalian sedaDNA is more challenging to obtain so we developed a dual human DNA blocking strategy to amplify more rare mammalian taxa. We then applied mammalian and plant sedaDNA metabarcoding to a Late Pleistocene (19 – 15 thousand years before present, ka BP) record from the United Kingdom. The floral and faunal record revealed a complex steppe-tundra community, with mammoth (<i>Mammuthus primigenius</i>) presence coinciding with increased floral richness, suggesting they created ecological niches. The steppe tundra, once a widespread habitat, now survives only as scattered relics within grasslands and refugia for cold-adapted plants during this current interstadial, the Holocene (11.7 ka BP – present). The Alps, harbouring many taxa that were components of past steppe-tundra, are under threat; warming at three times the world’s global average. We applied sedaDNA metabarcoding to sediments from the Alps, spanning the Holocene to identify the roles of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the plant biodiversity. First, they were applied to one lake, and then across 14 lakes. The plant dynamics uncovered at the first lake were echoed across the whole Alps, underscoring role of meadow management to maintain the highly biodiverse ecosystems held within these refugia. This first large-scale, temporal analysis of both plant and animal sedaDNA in the region revealed 603 plant taxa, six domesticated, and 23 wild mammalian taxa. Together, these papers demonstrate an advancement in field of sedaDNA to ensure high resolution plant and animal data, and examples of ways in which it can be used. Here we provide valuable information about the past, the formation of present-day plant communities, and future biodiversity practices.en_US
dc.description.abstractVed hjelp av sedimentær eldgammel DNA (sedaDNA) kan vi rekonstruere tidligere økosystemer og undersøke biotiske og abiotiske faktorer som fører til økosystemendringer. SedDNA fra pattedyr er mer utfordrende å hente ut, så vi utviklet en strategi for å blokkere menneskelig DNA for å kunne fange opp flere pattedyrtaksa. Vi anvendte deretter metabarkoding av pattedyr- og plante-sedaDNA på et senpleistocentisk (19–15 tusen år før nåtid, ka BP) sedimentarkiv fra Storbritannia. Plante- og dyrelivregistrene avslørte et komplekst steppe-tundra-samfunn, der tilstedeværelse av mammut (<i>Mammuthus primigenius</i>) sammenfalt med økt planteartsrikdom, noe som antyder at de skapte økologiske nisjer. Steppe-tundraen, som en gang var et utbredt habitat, overlever i dag kun som spredte rester i gressletter og i tilfluktssteder for kuldetilpassede planter i det nåværende mellomistidklimaet, Holocen (11,7 ka BP– i dag). Alpene, som huser mange taksa som var en del av tidligere steppe-tundra, er truet og varmes opp tre ganger raskere enn verdens gjennomsnitt. Vi brukte sedaDNA-metabarkoding på sedimenter som dekker hele Holocen i Alpene for å identifisere klimaforandringers og menneskelig aktivitets rolle for plantebiodiversitet. Først ble det anvendt på én innsjø, og deretter på 14 innsjøer. Plantedynamikken som tidligere ble avdekket ved den første innsjøen ble gjenspeilet over hele Alpene, og understreker betydningen av omestikerte for å opprettholde de svært artsrike økosystemene som finnes i disse tilfluktsområdene. Denne første storskala, tidsmessige analysen av både plante- og dyre-sedaDNA i regionen avslørte 603 plantetaksa, hvorav seks domestiserte, og 23 ville pattedyrtaksa. Samlet viser disse studiene et fremskritt innen sedaDNA-feltet for å sikre høyoppløselige plante- og dyredata, og eksempler på hvordan teknologien kan brukes til å gi verdifull informasjon om fortiden, dannelsen av dagens plantesamfunn og fremtidige praksiser for biodiversitet.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractLake sediments build over time as surrounding materials wash in, preserving a record in chronological order. From these, we can extract and sequence DNA of ancient plants and mammals to reconstruct past ecosystems. While plant DNA could be identified to species level, mammal DNA was harder. We needed to improve existing method by blocking human DNA so we could sequence other mammal DNA. Using these new methods, we sequenced plant and mammal DNA from British sediments dated to 19-15 thousand years ago. We found that the UK was a cold, dry steppe-tundra, home to saxifrages, lemmings and later, mammoths. As temperatures rose, these species retreated to cold refuges, like the Alps. We then applied the same methods to sediments from Alpine lakes covering the last 12,000 years. We found before high-altitude grazing, the climate shaped plant diversity. Cattle grazing then became the main driver, increasing flowering plant richness. Therefore, to preserve alpine diversity, grazing is key.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen access funding was provided by UiT The Arctic University of Norway. SZ and IGA were supported by a Research Council of Norway grant 250963/F20 for the ECOGEN project and by The European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement no. 819192 for the IceAGenT project. SGP was supported by the Beatriu de Pinós Programme (BP-2021-00131) and a fellowship from“la Caixa” Foundation (ID100010434, fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI24/12040011). PDH. acknowledges support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2021.0048 and KAW 2022.0033). Coring and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Sulzkar were funded through an Earth System Sciences grant from the Austrian Academy of Sciences:“Pulling the plug—Restoration of an Alpine lake". Coring at Lakes Sangiatto, Hopschu, Emines, Bretaye, and Sulsseewli was supported by the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR) as part of the Graduate School of Climate Sciences at the Uni- versity of Bern. The PhyloAlps reference database was built thanks to the following projects: the joint ANR-SNF project Origin-Alps (ANR-16-CE93- 0004, SNF-310030L_170059), European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 grant agreement 281422 (TEEMBIO), and by the SNF grant 31003A_149508. The sequencing for the PhyloAlps reference database was performed within the framework of the PhyloAlps project, funded by France Génomique (ANR-10-INBS-09-08). The Llangorse lake coring campaign in 2014 by Wim Z. Hoek and others were supported by the Quaternary Research Association (QRA). Radiocarbon determinations were supported by NERC Radiocarbon allocation award numbers 2116.0418 and 2180.0319 to Adrian Palmer and Ian Matthews and Adrian Palmer was supported further by a Royal Holloway, University of London Research Strategy Fund. Chris Francis and Ashley Abrook were supported by the NERC London Doctoral Training Programme with funding from Natural Environmental Research Council, Grant no. NE/L002485/1.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8266-283-3
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/38018
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Zetter, S., Garces-Pastor, S., Alsos, I.G. & Heintzman, P.D. Dual human blocking oligo strategy enhances ancient environmental DNA detection of mammals (Manuscript) <p>Paper II: Zetter, S., Lammers, Y., Deppe, L, Francis, C., Abrook, A., Engels, S., Hoek, W., Matthews, I, Brown, A.G., Palmer, A. & Alsos, I.G. Flora and fauna at the British ice margin 19 millennia ago as inferred from sedaDNA. (Manuscript) <p>Paper III: Zetter, S., Garcés-Pastor, S., Lammers, Y., Brown, A.G., Walsh, K., Goslar, T., Lavergne, S., Coissac, E., PhyloAlps Consortium, Tribsch, A., Heintzman, P.D. & Alsos, I.G. (2025). SedaDNA shows that transhumance of domestic herbivores has enhanced plant diversity over the Holocene in the Eastern European Alps. <i>The Holocene, 35</i>(4), 383-396. Also available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836241307304>https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836241307304</a>. <p>Paper IV: Garcés-Pastor, S., Heintzman, P.D., Zetter, S., Lammers, Y., Yoccoz, N.G., Theurillat, J-P., … Alsos, I.G. (2025). Wild and domesticated animal abundance is associated with greater late-Holocene alpine plant diversity. <i>Nature Communications, 16</i>(1), 3924. Also available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59028-2>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59028-2</a>.en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonThe lookup dataset for the tag and sample combinations generated in Paper III and IV have been deposited at the Zenodo repository (<a href=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14283341>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14283341</a>). The full accession codes for projects are PRJEB85748 (<a href= https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB85748>https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB85748</a> and PRJEB52290 (<a href=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB52290>https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB52290</a>. The raw OBITools output data, both the P6-loop (all reference libraries) and 16S datasets, are available at the Zenodo repository (<a href=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15132382>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15132382</a>).en_US
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/819192/EU/Ice Age Genomic Tracking of Refugia and Postglacial Dispersal/IceAGenT/en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectSedimentary ancient DNAen_US
dc.subjectClimate changeen_US
dc.subjectAnthropogenic impactsen_US
dc.subjectPalaeoecologyen_US
dc.subjectPlant diversityen_US
dc.titleEchoes of the Past: Finding the Secrets of Ancient Ecosystems using SedaDNAen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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