The Strait of Hormuz has great significance for the world economy as an oil chokepoint. Yet in recent years, international navigation through the Strait of Hormuz has been repeatedly hampered and subject to discriminatory navigational restrictions and attacks. Such measures have been mostly aimed at oil tankers. This article examines the maritime incidents that occurred in the Strait of Hormuz ...

Anticipated industrial growth in northern Norway, particularly of energy intensive industries such as hydrocarbons and mining, will inevitably result in increased electricity consumption. Northern Norway faces security of supply challenges, and substantial investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution capacity in order to meet the growing electricity demand. This makes it ...

In Finland the legal definition of the indigenous Sámi has been debated heatedly for years and more recently it has entered academic circles. Some scholars submit that the current law-based definition in Finland is all too narrow, and argue that there should be more emphasis on self-identification by the individual. Further claims state that the ILO Convention No. 169 identifies the subjects of ...

Restorative Justice (RJ) is an alternative way of apprehending crime and justice which views crime as a violation of a relationship among victims, offenders and community, and which allows the active participation of the crime’s stakeholders. It has the objective of ‘putting right’ the wrong done, to restore the broken relationship and to reintegrate the offender back into society. The Ethiopian ...

To address the question how a future instrument for areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) might give consideration to the rights and obligations of coastal States and other States in establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) in ABNJ, the current article discusses the options that have been tabled in this respect in the preparatory meetings for the intergovernmental conference that will be ...

In 2019, the Danish Parliament amended its Criminal Code, and introduced a ban on the participation in »unlawful influence activities conducted in cooperation with foreign intelligence services«. The ban is far-reaching, and is intended to criminalize participation in influence activities that can affect decision-making or the general public opinion in Denmark. According to Danish authorities, Denmark ...

This article examines the International Court of Justice’s methodology in cases where it interprets its own decisions under the procedure in Article 60 of the Statute. The Court is constrained by respect for the res judicata of the previous decision. When interpreting the decision the Court and its judges strive to find the intention behind a decision, and emphasise elements that include wording, ...

Innenfor den dynamiske tingsretten har hensynene til å motvirke kreditorsvik, notoritet, publisitet, legitimasjon og god tro vært fremhevet som sentrale. I nyere tid har også hensynet til koherens vært fremhevet i rettsdogmatiske fremstillinger av den dynamiske tingsretten. Artikkelen undersøker om, og eventuelt hvordan, hensynet til koherens kan få betydning ved tolkning av rettsspørsmål som faller ...

The Gulf of Finland has one of the busiest shipping routes globally and is the main export channel for Russian oil and gas. The Russian Federation has not closed its territorial sea for the east-west passage of ships to and from its ports. However, it has blocked over the past dozen years the north-south passage of an Estonian-Finnish commercial ferry line that has not received the Russian Federation’s ...

The legislation of Russia and Canada includes a veiled requirement to obtain prior authorization from the coastal State for merchant ships to navigate through large areas in the Arctic. The coastal State concept of prior authorization presupposes that a coastal State may legally give or withhold its consent to the passage of a vessel. In areas where flag States enjoy navigational rights or freedoms, ...