Arctic summer sea ice extent is decreasing and thinning, forming melt ponds that cover more than 50% of the sea ice area during the peak of the melting season. Despite of this, ice algal communities in melt ponds are understudied and so are their contribution to the Arctic Ocean primary production and carbon turnover. While melt ponds have been considered as low productive, recent studies suggest ...

Oppgaven gir en kort teoretisk introduksjon til begrepene strategisk planlegging, strategisk beslutning og scenarioplanlegging. Kvaliteten på beslutninger er sterkt knyttet til grad av bevissthet, rasjonalitet og kunnskap. En god strategisk beslutning er en beslutning som bidrar til å oppnå strategiske mål. For å fatte en god strategisk beslutning må beslutningstaker være bevisst på hvilke valg som ...

The ability to accurately determine the original source of invading species offers several powerful applications in invasive species ecology and management and may enable important information on the invading species in its native habitat. Lake Storsjøen in South-Central Norway was recently found to have been subjected to an illegal translocation of the European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). The ...

The rise in frequency of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria makes the need for new treatment options for previously curable bacterial infections ever more important. In the process of discovering and developing antibacterial agents, one powerful approach has been borrowing wisdom from nature. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical components of the innate immune systems found in almost all ...

As mucosal barriers in fish are the main sites where pathogens are encountered, mucosal immunity is crucial to avoid infection in the aquatic environment. In teleost fish, immunoglobulins are present in gut, gill and skin mucus, although not in the same amounts as in higher vertebrates. In mammals, the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) is synthesized in epithelial cells and mediates the active transport ...

The manuscripts of the dissertation presented here encompass several aspects of adaptations in ice-associated amphipods, focussing mainly on their ability to cope with increased light levels, including the ultraviolet radiation (UVR), under thinner or more dispersed sea ice. A decrease in multi-year ice (MYI) in the Arctic, and a concurrent reduction in stable habitat for ice-associated species, is ...

Climate warming in the Arctic has resulted in widespread changes in the physical oceanographic characteristics of the Arctic Ocean. One particularly visible change is the loss of sea ice both within the Arctic Ocean and in the surrounding shelf seas. Compared to the other shelf seas, the Barents Sea has experienced the largest declines in sea ice extent, with much of this loss occurring during winter. ...

Both nationally and internationally, there is a rising ambition to reduce carbon footprint to fight climate change. However, climate change should not be seen as a solitary challenge as the human population has more than tripled since the 1950ths. We are therefore moving towards the inevitable crossroad where the food needed to sustain humanity and the traditional utilized resources we have ...

Three genetically discrete morphs of Arctic charr in Loch Rannoch, Scotland originated from a recent divergence within the lake (in situ) (piscivore and benthivore morphs) and from secondary contact of two older lineages (ex situ; a planktivore–piscivore/ benthivore divergence). To test if the expression of traits with strong functional roles was linked to the age of the divergence, fin and ...

The domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ethics is not new, with discussions going back at least 40 years. Teaching the principles and requirements of ethical AI to students is considered an essential part of this domain, with an increasing number of technical AI courses taught at several higher-education institutions around the globe including content related to ethics. By using Latent Dirichlet ...