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dc.contributor.authorBondø, Pia
dc.contributor.authorHøye, Anne
dc.contributor.authorLøchen, Maja-Lisa
dc.contributor.authorBramness, Jørgen Gustav
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-24T06:10:22Z
dc.date.available2022-08-24T06:10:22Z
dc.date.issued2022-05-23
dc.description.abstract<p><b>Aims</b> To (i) define the characteristics of snus users compared with non-users and smokers and (ii) define the relationship between snus use and self-reported anxiety and depression and compare it with the relation between smoking and anxiety and depression. <p><b>Design, setting and participants</b> A cross-sectional study based on data from the Norwegian population-based survey, the Tromsø Study (2015–16). A total of 32 591 people aged 40 years and older in the municipality of Tromsø were invited to attend. There were 21 083 respondents, giving a 65% attendance rate. <p><b>Measurements</b> Tobacco use was assessed by current and previous use of snus or cigarettes. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). <p><b>Findings</b> Snus users were more often male, were younger and had higher income and higher alcohol consumption than smokers and non-users of snus. In a linear regression analysis, we found no significant association between current snus use and anxiety and depression after adjusting for background variables. However, there was a positive association between previous snus use and anxiety among males [adjusted beta = 0.258; 99% confidence interval (CI) = 0.023–0.492]. Regarding anxiety, the adjusted beta-coefficients for current smoking were 0.425 (99% CI = 0.184–0.666) for females and 0.303 (99% CI = 0.084–0.522) for males. Concerning depression, the adjusted beta coefficients for current smoking were 0.569 (99% CI = 0.358–0.780) for females and 0.281 (99% CI = 0.060–0.503) for males. <p><b>Conclusions</b> In Norway, current snus users differ from current smokers by having a higher socio-economic status and no detectable association with anxiety and depression. This suggests that the relationship between tobacco use and anxiety and depression is associated with the administration method.en_US
dc.identifier.citationBondø P, Høye A, Løchen M, Bramness JG. The relationship between smokeless tobacco (snus) and anxiety and depression among adults and elderly people. A comparison to smoking in the Tromsø Study. Addiction. 2022en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2038810
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/add.15950
dc.identifier.issn0965-2140
dc.identifier.issn1360-0443
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/26364
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherWileyen_US
dc.relation.journalAddiction
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2022 The Author(s)en_US
dc.titleThe relationship between smokeless tobacco (snus) and anxiety and depression among adults and elderly people. A comparison to smoking in the Tromsø Studyen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeMaster thesis
dc.typeMastergradsoppgave


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