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dc.contributor.advisorBrækkan, Sigrid Kufaas
dc.contributor.authorArnesen, Carl Arne Løchen
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-05T10:35:42Z
dc.date.available2024-11-05T10:35:42Z
dc.date.embargoEndDate2029-11-22
dc.date.issued2024-11-22
dc.description.abstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and potentially deadly disease that affects men and women, but studies on sex-specific risk have been inconsistent. Some studies have reported a higher risk in men, others in women. It has also been suggested that men have a higher inherent risk of VTE than women when reproductive factors (pregnancy and estrogen use) are accounted for. Furthermore, the sex-specific risk of VTE varies with age, so the results are dependent on the age range of the study population, which could explain the varying findings in earlier studies. Men also have higher death rates than women, which may contribute to an overestimation of VTE risk in men due to a higher competing risk of death among men (CROD). Hence, we wanted to investigate the lifetime risk of VTE in men and women when we accounted for CROD and reproductive risk factors. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether certain risk factors affected men and women differently. VTE has a strong heritable component, and several new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with VTE, but whether these SNPs influence the VTE risk in men and women differently is not known. Additionally, studies have shown an association between body height and VTE risk in men, but the findings have been inconsistent in women. Further, it has been proposed that differences in VTE risk in men versus women could be due to body height, likely due to men’s tendency to reach a taller stature. Therefore, we (i) investigated the lifetime risk of VTE in men and women after accounting for CROD and reproductive risk factors, (ii) estimated the proportion of VTE events that are attributable to common SNPs, (iii) estimated the proportion of events in men and women that can be attributed to these SNPs and (iv) investigated the influence of body height on VTE risk in men and women. The lifetime risk of VTE was higher in women when we accounted for CROD. Also, when we accounted for reproductive factors, the VTE risk was similar in men and women, which indicates that reproductive factors contribute modestly to the lifetime risk in women. We found that 45%-62% of all VTE events was attributable to common SNPs. In men and women, 52% and 38% of VTEs could be attributed to the prothrombotic genotypes. The proportion of VTE events attributable to genotypes was particularly high among middle-aged men. For body height, we found that taller stature was a risk factor for VTE in men and women. The VTE risk in men versus women varied across age groups, but body height still substantially affected the estimations in all age groups and suggest that VTE risk is mediated through body height to a larger extent in men than in women.en_US
dc.description.abstractVenøs tromboembolisme (VTE) er en vanlig sykdom med alvorlige komplikasjoner som kan oppstå hos menn og kvinner. I tidligere studier om VTE-risiko hos menn og kvinner har resultatene variert betydelig. Noen studier har rapportert høyere risiko hos menn, andre hos kvinner. I tillegg har det blitt foreslått at menn har en høyere iboende VTE-risiko enn kvinner når reproduktive risikofaktorer (graviditet og østrogenbruk) tas i betraktning. Den kjønnsspesifikke VTE-risikoen varierer med alder, så resultatene vil avhenge av aldersfordelingen i studiepopulasjonen, som kan forklare de varierende funnene i tidligere studier. Menn har også høyere dødsrater enn kvinner, som kan ha bidratt til overestimering av VTE-risikoen hos menn grunnet høyere konkurrerende risiko for død (CROD). Vi ønsket derfor å studere VTE-livstidsrisikoen hos menn og kvinner når vi tok hensyn til CROD og reproduktive risikofaktorer. Vi ønsket også å undersøke hvorvidt risikofaktorer for VTE påvirket menn og kvinner på ulikt vis. VTE har en sterk arvelig komponent, og et stort antall enkelt-nukleotid-polymorfismer (SNP-er) er assosiert med VTE, men om disse SNP-ene påvirker VTE-risikoen hos menn og kvinner forskjellig er ikke kjent. I tillegg har studier vist en sammenheng mellom kroppshøyde og VTE-risiko hos menn, men funnene har vært varierende hos kvinner. Videre kan forskjeller i VTE-risiko for menn sammenliknet med kvinner skyldes kroppshøyde, sannsynligvis fordi menn i gjennomsnitt blir høyere enn kvinner. Derfor undersøkte vi (i) livstidsrisikoen for VTE hos menn og kvinner etter justering for CROD og reproduktive risikofaktorer, (ii) estimerte antall VTE-hendelser som kan tilskrives vanlige SNP-er, (iii) estimerte andelen VTE-hendelser hos menn og kvinner som kan tilskrives vanlige SNP-er, og (iv) studerte hvordan kroppshøyde påvirker VTE-risikoen hos menn mot kvinner i ulike aldersgrupper. Vi fant at livstidsrisikoen for VTE var høyere hos kvinner. Da vi i tillegg utelot VTE-hendelser knyttet til reproduktive faktorer hos kvinner, var VTE-risikoen lik hos menn og kvinner, som indikerer at reproduktive faktorers bidrag til livstidsrisikoen hos kvinner er beskjedent. Angående genetisk risiko, fant vi at 45%-62% av alle VTE-hendelser kunne tilskrives kjente SNP-er. Hos menn og kvinner fant vi at henholdsvis 52% og 38% av VTE-ene kunne tilskrives SNP-er. Andelen VTE-hendelser som kunne tilskrives genotyper var særlig høye blant middelaldrende menn. Økende høyde var en risikofaktor for VTE hos begge kjønn. VTE-risikoen hos menn sammenliknet med kvinner varierte mellom aldersgrupper før justering for kroppshøyde, og kroppshøyde påvirket estimatene betydelig i alle aldersgrupper, som antyder at VTE-risikoen i større grad skyldes kroppshøyde hos menn enn hos kvinner.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious condition that affects both men and women. However, past studies have reported conflicting results on the sex-specific risk of VTE. Using Danish national registries, we examined the lifetime VTE risk in men and women. Also, using data from the Tromsø and Trøndelag health studies, we investigated whether certain risk factors affected men and women differently. We studied the sex-specific proportion of VTE events attributable to prothrombotic genotypes, and the impact of body height on VTE risk in men and women. We found that women had a slightly higher lifetime VTE risk than men, but accounting for pregnancy and oral contraceptives equalized the risk. We also found that 52% of VTE events in men and 38% in women were linked to prothrombotic genotypes. Finally, taller stature was a risk factor for both sexes, with a more substantial effect observed in men. This thesis provides insight into the lifetime risk of VTE in men and women and increases current knowledge on sex-specific epidemiology and risk factors.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/35444
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Arnesen, C.A.L., Veres, K., Horváth-Puhó, E., Hansen, J.B., Sørensen, H.T. & Brækkan, S.K. (2022). Estimated lifetime risk of Venous Thromboembolism in men and women. <i>European Journal of Epidemiology, 37</i>(2), 195-203. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/23288>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/23288</a>. <p>Paper II: Evensen, L.H., Arnesen, C.A.L., Rosendaal, F.R., Hveem, K., Gabrielsen, M.E., Brumpton, B.M., Hansen, J.B. & Brækkan, S.K. (2022). The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Attributed to Established Prothrombotic Genotypes. <i>Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 122</i>(7), 1221-1230. Also available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1698-6717>https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1698-6717</a>. Accepted manuscript version available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28817>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28817</a>. <p>Paper III: Arnesen, C.A.L., Hveem, K., Gabrielsen, M.E., Hansen, J.B. & Brækkan, S.K. (2024). Proportion of venous thromboembolism attributed to recognized prothrombotic genotypes in men and women. <i>Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 8</i>(2), 102343. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34789>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34789</a>. <p>Paper IV: Arnesen, C.A.L., Evensen, L.H., Hveem, K., Gabrielsen, M.E., Hansen, J.B. & Brækkan, S.K. Body height and risk of venous thromboembolism in men versus women. (Submitted manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsembargoedAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectVenøs tromboembolismeen_US
dc.subjectKjønnsforskjelleren_US
dc.subjectGenetikken_US
dc.subjectRisikofaktoreren_US
dc.subjectKroppshøydeen_US
dc.subjectlivstidsrisikoen_US
dc.titleDifferences in risk of venous thromboembolism in men and womenen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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