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dc.contributor.advisorNorvoll Magnussen, Synnøve
dc.contributor.authorSellæg, Kjersti
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-13T09:09:15Z
dc.date.available2024-11-13T09:09:15Z
dc.date.issued2024-12-05
dc.description.abstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a growing global health concern, particularly among the younger population. The immune system plays an important role in tumor progression and a high density of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes is linked to improved patient prognosis and therapy response. Tumor-associated high endothelial venules (TA-HEVs) facilitate lymphocyte entry into tumors via the lymphocyte-homing ligand PNAd, promoting an inflamed tumor microenvironment and a favorable prognosis in OSCC patients. This thesis explores the development and prognostic value of TA-HEVs in tongue OSCC (OTSCC) and how their interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences their phenotype. In combination with a low density of FoxP3+ Treg cells, a high TA-HEV score predicted superior five-year survival in OTSCC patients. FoxP3+ Tregs were identified as independent prognostic markers in OTSCC. In a carcinogen-induced mouse model, we observed that HEVs and lymphocyte presence correlated with the severity of epithelial lesions, while tertiary lymphoid structures did not form. A subset of TA-HEVs in mouse and human OTSCC lacked expression of the GlcNAc6ST-2 enzyme involved in PNAd synthesis. GlcNAc6ST-2 expression was unrelated to the surrounding cell density. OTSCC tumors with an inflammatory protein expression pattern favored TA-HEV presence and immune-deficient mice did not develop TA-HEVs. Cell culture conditions had minimal impact on HEV-related genes. Our findings highlight the role of TA-HEVs in OTSCC progression and suggest GlcNAc6ST-2 as a potential prognostic marker, with implications for targeted therapies. We propose that the OTSCC microenvironment may downregulate GlcNAc6ST-2 and PNAd in TA-HEVs, potentially hindering lymphocyte recruitment to the TME.en_US
dc.description.abstractKreft i munnhulen er et økende helseproblem, særlig blant yngre. Immunsystemet spiller en sentral rolle i bekjempelsen av kreft og det har blitt vist at en høy tetthet av immunceller i kreftsvulsten er gunstig for overlevelse og effekt av immunterapi i kreftpasienter. Immunceller fraktes via blodet til kreftsvulsten og når inn til kreftsvulsten ved å gå gjennom en type spesialiserte blodkar kalt høy-endotel venyler (HEVer). Målet med denne avhandlingen er å bidra med ny kunnskap om hvordan HEVer utvikles i munnhulekreft og hvordan de kommuniserer med omgivelsene i kreftsvulsten. Vi undersøker også om tilstedeværelsen av HEVer i munnhulekreftpasienter kan identifisere pasienter med lavere sannsynlighet for langvarig overlevelse. Vi fant at høy tetthet av HEVer, kombinert med lav tetthet av en type immundempende immunceller, identifiserte pasienter med overlegen overlevelse. Immundempende immunceller var en individuell markør for overlevelse. HEVer ble funnet i tungelesjoner hos mus eksponert for et kreftfremkallende stoff, og HEVenes lokalisasjon samstemte med immuninfiltratet og alvorlighetsgraden av lesjonene. Vi observerte ikke utvikling av tertiære lymfoide strukturer. Enkelte HEVer i kreftvev fra mus og pasienter manglet uttrykk av et enzym kalt GlcNAc6ST-2, som er viktig for transport av immunceller. Det var ingen forskjell i omgivelsene til HEVer med eller uten dette enzymet. Kreftsvulster med et inflammatorisk proteinuttrykk var gunstig for tilstedeværelsen av HEVer, og mus som manglet et funksjonelt immunsystem manglet også HEVer i kreftsvulsten. HEV-relaterte gener var lite påvirket i celler kultivert under ulike forhold. Våre funn fremhever en viktig rolle for HEVer i utviklingen av munnhulekreft og enzymet GlcNAc6ST-2 er en mulig prognostisk markør. Disse funnene kan ha betydning for fremtidig målrettet kreftbehandling. Vår teori er at omgivelsene i kreftsvulsten (i munnhulen) bidrar til å endre HEVenes egenskaper, noe som potensielt hindrer immuncellene i å trenge inn til kreftsvulsten.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractOral cancer is a growing health concern, especially among younger people. The immune system plays an important role in fighting cancer by sending immune cells into the cancer tissue to attack the cancer cells. When immune cells are abundant in the cancer tissue, patients are less likely to succumb to the disease, and more likely to respond to treatments like immunotherapy. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are a unique type of blood vessels found in cancer tissues that help the immune cells enter the tissue. Patients who have few or no HEVs within their cancer, tend to have a shorter life expectancy. This thesis aims to understand how HEVs develop in oral cancer and how they interact with their surroundings. We also study the prognostic value of HEVs and immunosuppressive cell types in tongue cancer patients. A combination of high numbers of HEVs and low numbers of immunosuppressive cells identified patients with superior survival. HEVs within cancer tissues featured different characteristics and HEV development was promoted by the cancer immune response. Gaining insights into how these vessels function could lead to new treatments that improve the chances of survival for cancer patients.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/35681
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Abdulsalam, I.A., Sellæg, K., Benebo, F.O., Ojei, N.C., Hegge, B., Steigen, S.E, … Hadler-Olsen, E. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were independent predictors of disease-free survival in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma whereas tumour-associated CD163+ macrophages and high endothelial venules were not. (Manuscript). <p>Paper II: Sellæg, K., Schwienbacher, R., Kranz, M., Engan Aamodt, A., Wirsing, A.M., Berge, G., Hadler-Olsen, E. & Magnussen, S.N. (2024). 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced oral epithelial lesions exhibit time- and stage-dependent changes in the tumor immune microenvironment. <i>Frontiers in Oncology, 14</i>, 1343839. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33592> https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33592</a>. <p>Paper III: Sellæg, K., McLaren Berge, A.K., Knutsen, E., Five, MB., Hadler-Olsen, E. & Norvoll Magnussen, S. Tumor-associated high endothelial venules in oral squamous cell carcinoma can be distinguished by Chst4 expression. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.titleThe Tumor Immune Microenvironment as a Regulator of Oral Cancer Progressionen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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