<p>Background: Adolescent girls, aged 10-19, undergo a critical physiological transition during which menarche and monthly menstrual cycles signify normal physiological functioning. In Nepal, cultural myths and taboos stigmatize menstruation, contributing to misconceptions that lead to self-isolation, social exclusion, and negative impacts on physical and mental health. The study aims to assess ...

<p>Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO), the global tobacco smoking prevalence is 22.3% (36.7% for men and 7.8% for women). Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive decline. The association of smoking and cognitive decline is well documented. Whitehall II Cohort study, Doetinchem Cohort study and many other studies have found that ...

Abstract Introduction: Various studies have explored the association between coffee consumption and the risk of inflammation, yet results are inconsistent. Few studies have examined these association separately in women and men and by type of coffee consumed. We therefore aimed to further investigate this association in a heavy coffee drinking population by including four different methods of ...

Background: Periodontitis is an oral disease which is highly prevalent in the adult population worldwide. Periodontitis is characterized by an excessive inflammatory reaction which leads to the destruction of supportive periodontal tissues and potentially tooth loss in the more severe stages of disease. Known risk factors for periodontitis include conditions and lifestyle factors which increase the ...

Background: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) monitors persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in the Arctic and assesses health effects related to them. Many of the POPs are regulated internationally, but still found in humans and biota. There are also new emerging contaminants, of which many are unregulated. Arctic populations present high contaminant concentrations compared to ...

Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly public health concern, causing increased mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs globally. Global increase in overweight and obesity, high calorie diets, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habits and aging population are the main drivers for this epidemic. Social inequalities reveal systematic differences in health and disease. Social inequalities ...

Background Russia has a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate compared to other European countries. This study aimed to investigate the awareness of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus among Russian adults with the objective presence of these conditions. Material and Methods We used cross-sectional data from a general population-based study of Russian adults ...

Abstract Introduction: Retinopathy is a retinal disorder characterized by microvascular complications due to ocular or systemic conditions. The non-invasive visualization of retinal blood vessels provides a way to study the early structural and pathological changes in the circulatory system. Hence retinopathies can be used to monitor risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have ...

Introduction & Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. In 2018, CVD claimed 12,091 lives in Norway, and between 2005-2016 approximately 21% of the Norwegian population were administered therapeutic drugs to treat or prevent CVD. The World Health Organization has created a target to reduce NCD deaths by 33% between 2010-2030 for ...

Background: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) of 2019 ranked stroke, as both the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of death and disability worldwide. As the burden of stroke has risen the past three decades, stroke has emerged as one of the current greatest public health issues worldwide of growing importance. During the past 40 years, healthcare expenditure has increased ...